The Changes That Came About The Psychiatric Health Systems

The world of State Hospitals and Psychiatric Nursing, literally a world that horror movies are made of. The history of mental health treatment is barbaric, including lobotomies, being wrapped in wet sheets until hypothermia set in, the electric shock treatments, lest we forget the twisted experts thinking of incestual everything in who became the â€Å"father of psychiatry† Sigmund Freud. Patient Rights were nonexistent, people were disposed of at the â€Å"sanitarium† they were locked up, chained to walls, and left eternally alone. Through out the past century there were some reforms made. The last large reform with â€Å"Beers† in the 1800’s. Mostly, that patients who were mentally ill were not â€Å"possessed by evil demons.† Or, that one cure to insanity†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Going to Getch yourself killed Bitch.† That evening I arranged temporary supervisor for unit coverage while I went with staff and patients to the dining room. Our patients went through the line and sat in their assigned seating. A few minutes later, the DOC work release entered the cafeteria, in their usual way of upsetting. This time, one guard accompanied the inmates, and another who was clearly an ‘officer’. He had the rank of captain pinned to his uniform. After assessing the situation and deciding he was in charge, I approached him to discuss the situation at hand. Not really expecting how it would work out. When I arrived in his presence I was immediately met with hostile body language, he was standing in his full 6 foot size, his combat boots, shined, his uniform pressed, his insignia, polished to a shine. He had his arms crossed over his chest. I introduced myself, explained the problem briefly, while waiting for his reply or response, I noted a contempt in his eye and then he let me have it. A verbal flogging including but not limited, to His position of authority, his position of opinion, he proceeded to state that his inmates were doing no wrong, that the patients were crazy, that the staff were bitches. And I was the ultimate bitch, that he would have my job and further change myself with interfering with an officer and harassing hisShow MoreRelatedMental Disorders And Its Effects On The Lives Of People With Serious Mental Illness923 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1957 alone, there were approximately 567,000 citizens suffering from different psychiatric disorders. The quality of life for those suffering has not always been as sustainable as today. Just the mere thought of having these disorders was frowned upon and pushed to the side, as if it was taboo to have such a disability . Patients of the psychiatric health system wer e affected not only by the disease from which they suffer, but also by stigmas, treatments they received, and the conditions of theRead MoreMy Clinical Experience At A Psychiatric Hospital1539 Words   |  7 PagesAbout one-quarter of all American adults suffer from a mental health disorder in any given year, according to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Mental health is an important component of overall health and wellness. Treatment options often include medication and psychotherapy. Mental health nurses help patients who suffer from mental illness to recover their mental health so that they can live to their fullest potential. For example, mental health nurses work in a variety of settingsRead MoreThe Community Mental Health Act Of 19631064 Words   |  5 PagesCommunity Mental Health Act of 1963, was the first federal law that inspired community-based mental health care, and it ignited the transformation of the public mental health system (Young Minds Advocacy, 2016). Other names of the Act are Mental Retardation and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963. It was the beginning of the Deinstitutionalized movement in mental health treatment options for children, youth, and adults (National Council for Behavioral Health (NCBH), 2015). StatesRead MoreNurse Manager Of The Child / Adolescent Psychiatric Units At Kingswood Hospital1098 Words   |  5 PagesNursing jobs provide emotionally and financially rewarding careers. The health care industry employs millions of nurses and the job outlook continues to improve each year. This paper explores two common types of degrees held by Registered Nurses (RN) and seeks to emphasize the primary differences between the two. An individual who has a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) or an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) can become an RN after passing the NCLEX-RN examination. However, there are certain advantagesRead MoreThe Learning Based Correctional Facility1408 Words   |   6 Pagesthat started in adolescence and; they suffered from mental illness. I came to the conclusion that as a society we had failed them miserably as children. At age 5, these men would be worthy of sympathy, yet as soon as they committed a crime, regardless of age, much of the world viewed them with derision. Their plight stoked my passion for marginalized populations. It was within the walls of this correctional facility that I came to more completely understand mental illness and substance abuse as chronicRead MoreCriminalization Of The Mentally Ill1486 Words   |  6 PagesCriminalization of the Mentally Ill When discussing the criminalization of mentally ill persons within the prison system, it is important to know the history of mental illness in the prison system. In1841, Dorothea Dix began her Asylum Movement. She saw how deplorable the conditions were for mentally ill inmates in the prison system and insisted on change. The mental ill inmates were treated very poorly, being beaten, starved, and sexually abused. Dix brought her findings to the legislature of MassachusettsRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Illness Anxiety Disorder883 Words   |  4 Pagesoverlaps with symptoms of Illness Anxiety Disorder, IAD domain of worry is only health concern. GAD domain of Worry is everything and anything. So what’s the DX? I agree with you that in this week scenario, there were limited bio-psychosocial history. However, I believe we were provided enough information that will enable us to make a preliminary evaluation of the presenting problem. Let pretend that this patient came into the emergency room at a local hospital. The physician determined that whatRead MoreEffects Of Autism On Children With Autism Spectrum Diseases1073 Words   |  5 Pagestherapies and treatment that can be done to reduce the effect of ASD, but there is no cure. Adams, N. , Jarrold, C. (2012), researched on how resistance to distract or inhibition can reveal impairments in children with Autism spectrum Diseases ASDs. They came in the conclusion that that autism is specific deficit, which can even increase perceptual capacity in autism. The history of autism is not that old, but it is affecting many children life. According to the research done by Goin-Kochel, R. , AbbacchiRead MoreThe Juvenile And Adult Convictions Essay980 Words   |  4 Pagesyears (revoked) 03CF6912: Armed Robbery, Threat of Force, guilty plea; RYOC 5 years Retail Theft, guilty plea; HOC 5 months (concurrent) Deandre’s Statement – Mr. Wise takes full responsibility for his actions. He is remorseful about the harm that came upon the officer who was struck by ricocheted fragments. In the moment, however, Mr. Wise was overcome with anxiety, fear, frustration and desolation. While he did not intend harm anyone but himself that day – he wanted to get away from hisRead MoreBuilding Support Systems For People With Psychiatric Disabilities971 Words   |  4 PagesCarling, Paul J. Return to Community: Building Support Systems for People with Psychiatric Disabilities. New York: Guilford, 1995. Print. Return to Community: Build Support Systems for People with Psychiatric Disabilities by Paul Carling, explores broad and practical techniques to help people with serious mental illnesses transition back into society. The term used for the transition for people with mental illnesses is community integration. Carling assesses what current and past approaches have

Police-Perpetrated Domestic Violence Essay - 2703 Words

For my research project I decided to do it on domestic violence. Domestic violence can be described as a violent or aggressive behavior within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. Domestic violence can happen on the street, in one’s home or even in a public place. The people who are exposed to domestic violence can be children, men and women; women are usually the ones that suffer from domestic violence from their loved ones. There are plenty of subtopics to choose from that involves domestic violence, the sub topic that interested me the most was Police Officers that are involved in Domestic Violence acts. I chose to do my research topic on domestic violence because I want to learn more about the topic†¦show more content†¦Domestic violence can be described as an altercation that happens between a family and in their homes away from the public. In Wentendorf (2000) article she talks about how domestic violence is not mainly based on physical abuse and mentions that when a man talks about physical abuse then the women are more likely to suffer from assault or battery (p. 1). When there is domestic violence around there is love mixed with hope, fear, isolation and intimidation (Waentendorf, 2000, p.1) as a result of women that still feel for the man who they once fell in love with and they just don’t want to let go of the feeling she has when she is with him. The women love their husbands for what he does when he is not beating or abusing them that are a reason they don’t want to turn him in. Another reason why women do not want to give up the connection that they have with their husbands is because she might think that she made him do it and he will change if she changes. In Wentendorf’s (2000) research continues she talks about when domestic violence happens in between the homes of police officers they mainly try to keep it a secret and try to resolve the problem in the house between the f amily instead of involving law enforcement and the public. The biggest fear that police officers face is losing their jobs (Wentendorf, 2000, p.8) and does not want everything they worked for over the years toShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse and Violence Against Families1204 Words   |  5 PagesAbuse and Violence Against Females Domestic violence in the United States has become a major problem that affects nearly 2/3 s of all people. It can affect wives, the elderly, and even men, but in this paper we will discuss the abuse that occurs to children and also violence toward women. It is widely assumed that most estimates of the incidence of domestic violence are underestimates. Even large population surveys cannot provide accurate estimates of the extent of domestic violence. This isRead MoreThe International Context Of Violence Against Women Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pagesatrocities being perpetrated against women in various forms, combinations and modes. This volume highlights various aspects of domestic violence, dowry, exploitation in various ways besides teen dating, sexual slavery, rape and various other aspects besides the role of police in curbing this evil as the pillars of administration. It highlights the plight of women world over in the light of various studies on violence against women. It farther underscores the various aspects of violence with a focus onRead MoreDomestic Violence Is A Coercive Behavior That Involves1184 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic Violence is a coercive behavior that involves a physical, psychological or sexual attack per petrated by individuals against their partner or former partner. Examples include physical abuse, for instance, slapping, beating, and strangulation among others. Sexual assault includes threats, forceful sexual acts, and use of physical force. Psychological abuse may involve excessive jealousy, intimidation, harassment or stalking among others. In the United States, 20 people are physically abusedRead MoreBook Review of Domestic Violence1329 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Book Review on â€Å"Domestic Violence: The 12 Things You Aren’t Supposed to Know† Written By: Thomas James T.B. James has written a hard-hitting and incisive book focusing on current myths about domestic violence in the United States that turns the conventional approach on its ear (Domestic Violence: The 12 Things You Aren’t Supposed to Know, 2003). A practicing attorney in Minnesota and founder/director of Better Resolutions Mediation Service, James’s shortRead MoreDomestic Violence : A Social And Legal Problem1344 Words   |  6 PagesHistorically, domestic violence has been viewed as a private issue to be dealt with between partners. It wasn’t until the 1970s that intimate partner violence (IPV), also known as domestic violence, became recognized as both a social and legal problem. Policy and lawmakers have been avidly defining the roles of the criminal justice system and communities in responding to domestic violence since its official acknowledgements as a public issue. Male Victims’ Experiences with Domestic Violence Our societalRead MoreA Research Study On Domestic Violence920 Words   |  4 Pagesregarding domestic violence. Not only did students learn about warning signs and hear testimonies, but they were given a short personal defense lesson by Professor and Coach Carlos Jackson. To open the program, the PhD’s gave each participant five note cards that described various celebrity domestic cases. The participants then had to correctly guess the celebrities involved to win a small prize. Disguised as a fun ice-breaker, the exercise was actually a segway into how domestic violence can startRead MoreDomestic Violence : The United States Department Of Justice1617 Words   |  7 Pagesdepartment of Justice (2015) defines domestic violence as a â€Å"pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used to by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner†. Domestic violence occurs in every culture, country, and age group. It affects individuals from all socioeconomic, educational, religious backgrounds, and occurs in both same-sex and heterosexual relationships. For this paper I will take a look at how domestic violence affects marriages. I will exploreRead MoreWhy Do We Assign Violence A Gender?1323 Words    |  6 PagesMaisie McGregor Discursive Essay - Draft One Why do we assign violence a gender? â€Å"How can we affect change in the world when only half of it is invited or feel welcome to participate in the conversation?†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Emma Watson - UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, speaking at the UN Headquarters in New York on 20th September 2014 Imagine this – you’re lying on the bloodstained living room carpet in your flat in North London. Your partner has just stabbed you in the back of your thigh with a breadknife, followingRead MoreDomestic Violence : An Dominant Problem Within Australian Society Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence- Behind Closed Doors Do you know what laws are protecting you? Domestic violence has become an increasingly dominant problem within Australian society but is constantly pushed to the side like a burden. Domestic violence is a relationship between intimate partners in which one individual seeks to assert power and control over the other and cause fear or intimidation and doesn’t have to be physical abuse, it can be emotional, psychological, financial, sexual or other types of abuseRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1256 Words   |  6 Pagesharassment has occurred on more than one occasion. According to the NCADV â€Å"Domestic violence is the willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault, and/or other abusive behavior as part of a systematic pattern of power and control perpetrated by one intimate partner against another. It includes physical violence, sexual violence, psychological violence, and emotional abuse† (What is domestic violence?) Domestic violence can refer to physical harm inflicted on a member of a household or family

Commercial Contracts Under Nigerian Legislation Free Essays

COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS UNDER NIGERIAN LEGISLATION Introduction A contract is an agreement which is legally binding on the parties to it and which if broken may be enforced by action in court against the party that has broken it. A contract may be void or voidable. A void contract is that which lacks the essential ingredients or elements of valid contract and therefore of no legal effect. We will write a custom essay sample on Commercial Contracts Under Nigerian Legislation or any similar topic only for you Order Now A voidable contract is that which is valid in the first place but may be ended at the instance of one of the parties to it. Such contracts include guarantee with a bank of money lender, hire purchase and sale or leasing of land. The legal consequences of non-compliance are that they are not enforceable at law though they are not necessarily void. However, some categories of contracts must of necessity be in writing or else they shall be void absolutely. These include transfer of shares, marine insurance and hire purchase agreements. As a general rule also, all contracts are in the nature of agreement: however, not all agreements may constitute a contract properly so called. For instance, an agreement for the sale of a parcel of land is intended to be binding and enforceable at law, whereas, an invitation to a luncheon which after all, did not hold may not be enforceable at the suit of the disappointed party. A contract may also be under-seal or by deed and may be simple or oral. It may be express when it is written or implied when it is inferred from the conduct and acts of the parties. In addition, there can be bilateral contract between two parties or multi-lateral contract among parties depending on the nature of obligations to be performed under the agreement. Condition and warranty are the two basic types of express terms in a contract. Whether a term is a condition or warranty depends on the intention of the parties. A condition is a vital term which goes to the root of the contract. Breach of a condition entitles the innocent party to repudiate the contract and to claim damages. A warranty is a term which is subsidiary to the main purpose of the contract, breach of which only entitles the innocent party to damages. FORMATION OF A VALID CONTRACT The main requirements of a valid contract are as follows: 1. there must be an offer; . there must be an acceptance; 3. there must be consideration; 4. parties must have full contractual capacity; 5. there must be an intention to create legal relations; 6. object of the contract must not be unlawful nor illegal; 7. prescribed formalities must be followed, for example, it should be in writing or by deed. Forms of Contract Contract supported by consideration are essentially expected to be in writing ,. It is however important to note that a contract may also be oral or implied and yet be binding on the parties depending on the peculiar circumstances. The fact remains that a contract may not be taken as being invalid or unenforceable for the mere fact that it is not in a written form. Te court would normally not assist any person who was lured into an oral agreement. Writing merely facilitates the interpretation or proving of the terms of the contract barring which it may not be all that necessary. In considering commercial contracts under Nigerian legislation however, we would evaluate three of such contracts which are: ? hire purchase; ?sale of goods; ?agency. AGENCY CONTRACT Introduction Agency is a relationship that exists between two persons, one of whom expressly or impliedly agrees that the other should represent him or act on his behalf. The one that is represented is called the principal while the person representing or acting on somebody’s behalf is called Agent. Agency relationship involves the consent of the agent and the principal that one should act for the other. It thus arises from a contract or agreements express or implied. Ofodile v. Chinwuba Generally, the relationship of principal and agent may arise in three main ways: 1. By agreement , whether contractual or not express or implied in nature 2. By subsequent ratification by the principal of the agent’s act done on his behalf, and 3. By operation of law under the doctrine of necessity Whether or not an agency relationship exists would largely depend on the true nature of the agreement and the circumstances of the relationship between the principal and the agent. In another vein, the law of agency consists of the law of the employer and the employed, where the employment consists of bringing the employer into contractual relationship with the third party. This relationship is simply referred to as â€Å"The Master and Servant† relationship under the labour law and for which there is a vicarious liability. An agent should be distinguished for an independent contractor. An independent contractor is the person who negotiates with the third party on his own behalf. An independent contactor is a person liable to give contract for service while and agent or servant renders contract of service. An independent contractor is personally liable at law for his actions. An agent is not a trustee of the goods in his care not being the legal owner. The extent or scope of the Agent’s discretion is determined by his principal’s instructions. Legal title always remains in the principal. An agent can therefore not give good title all by himself. CLASSIFICATION OF AGENCY a. Special Agent: This is someone who has authority to do some particular act on behalf of his principal though not a continuous basis; for instance, a special order to purchase a house or a vehicle. b. General Agent: this is someone who has power to act for his principal in all matters involving business or trade, for example a solicitor or legal practitioner. . A Factor Agent: He is an agent who sells or disposes of goods that are entrusted to him. His activities are governed by the Factors Act 1889 (UK d. Broker Agent: He negotiates ad makes contract for the sale and purchase of goods. However unlike a factor he is not left in possession of the goods. Typical example is insurance Brokers and Stock Brokers. e. Universal Agent: This is someone who rep resents various principals in many aspects of trade. He is appointed by a Deed under Power of Attorney and has wide powers. f. Mercantile Agent: He represents someone in commercial and certain aspects of trade. Their duties are more or less similar to those of the factor agent g. Auctioneer: He represents a principal in the disposal of real properties. They are usually licensed to sell properties of Mortgagors who have defaulted in payment. Auctioneer acts between the Vendor and the purchaser. He receives commission and invariably sells to the highest bidder. h. Estate Agent: These deal in the acquisition of, valuation of an disposal of properties i. Del-Credere Agent: This is a mercantile agent who, in consideration of extra pay, that is del-credere commission guarantees to his principal that the 3rd party with whom he enters into contract on behalf of the principal shall duly pay the sum becoming due under the contract. In effect a del credere agent is a surety of the person with whom he deals. This is just a form of guarantee which may not necessarily be in writing in order to be enforceable at law. CREATION OF AGENCY It may be created in two broad ways namely: (a)Expressly and (b) impliedly a. Express Creation: . By deed – this involves issuing an authority in writing with the necessary instruction and attestation clauses. That is signed, sealed and delivered. This process is known as the granting a Power of Attorney. 2. Oral instruction – This is agency by appointment, it deals with express authorisation of the principal to the agent to act for him b. Implied Creation 1. Agency of necessity – This is cre ated by act of person who normally had no authority but was compelled to reasonable act to protect the interest of the 3rd party especially during an emergency situation. 2. Agency by Estoppel: – This is a type of agency that can be inferred form the conduct of the parties. If the situation that exists suggests that parties want to create an agency relationship, either of the parties is stopped form denying the existence of such a relationship. 3. Apparent Agency – This occurs where a principal has not taken due precaution to prevent a situation where somebody portrays himself as having power to act as his agent. 4. Agency by ratification – This occurs where the principal having full knowledge of the fact, accepts the benefits of the contract entered into by his apparent agent. Any act whether lawful or unlawful may be ratified provided it is not void. If it is voidable it is still capable of being ratified as long as it is valid. In Brook v. Nook where an agent forged his principal’s signature on a promissory note; it was held that the attempt at ratification was void. The principal must have capacity as at the date of the contract. In Kelner v. Baxter where a promoter tried to ratify some pre-incorporation contracts it was held that he could not succeed as the contracts predated the company. How to cite Commercial Contracts Under Nigerian Legislation, Papers

Internet voting1 Essay Example For Students

Internet voting1 Essay Voting is defined as expressing the will or a preference in a matter by ballot, voice, etc (Grolier 1). Voting on the Internet has become a major issue in the past couple years. Their are many different groups who have very diverse opinions on the role the Internet should play in the 2000 elections. The myriad types of on-line voting systems proposed for use has resulted in many heated arguments in the world of politics. Adversarys of voting on the Internet state, It would not be legally, practically or fiscally feasible to develop a comprehensive remote Internet voting system (Phillips 3). However advocates of on-line voting argue, There is nothing inherently more mischievous about Internet voting than paper ballots (Wayne 1). Before a person can decide what side of the Internet voting debate they want to support, they must be made aware of the issues at hand. One method of on-line voting is The Polling Place System. This is generally considered to be the most tamper proof system available to the public. The Polling Place System is run a lot like the traditional paper ballot voting structure election officials have used for many years (Phillips 2). The voters go to a designated voting station and cast their votes using computers provided by the Federal Election Commission, or FEC (Wayne 1). The election is under the control of election officials at all times which allows for uniformity of communication privacy and security protocols. Perhaps the greatest advantage to this system is the ability to provide paper audit trails and additional identity verification (Phillips 2). The capability to have a paper record of the ballots cast by each indiviual voter is what makes this system the most tamper proof available. The other process of Internet voting is called the Remote System. It is believed that this system will result in a, boost in voter turn out which is now at historic lows(Phillips 2). This belief is a result of how accessible this system will make voting. The voter is responsible for providing the computer unlike the Polling Place System. This allows the voter to cast their vote anywhere as long as they have access to the Internet. However, the downfall of this system is the lack of paper audit trails (Wayne 3). This in turn causes a lack of regulation in not only the ability to track individual ballots but the uniformity of voting conditions (Phillips 3). There are many advantages to voting on the Internet. One of the most evident advantages is that it is cost effective. It virtually eliminates any need for the current election provided equipment and the thousands of people working in the voting booths (Popkin 17). The freedom voters will have to vote from any location will eliminate the need for specific voting ballots (Phillips 2). This freedom will also make voting more convenient and will probably boost voter turn out. It will allow for a greater participation in voting from groups like business executives, overseas military and young people. These three groups generally have a low voter turn out but have readily access to the Internet (Wayne 2). This ability to access the Internet on a regular basis is what is believed will raise their voter participation. On-line voting will also eradicate the need for pole workers (Phillips 2). This work would be handled by a small group of people working for the election vendor, the Internet site On-line voting also has many disadvantages when compared to the traditional paper ballot system (Popkin 13). At this time there are no standards in place for the election vendors. The lack regulations and uniformity can result in many different ballot outcomes (Wayne 1). Other worries are that hackers may infiltrate the computer voting system and manipulate the results. It is feared that a hacker could implant a virus in the computers of the voters and substitute his own vote for thousands of legitimate votes. .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379 , .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379 .postImageUrl , .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379 , .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379:hover , .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379:visited , .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379:active { border:0!important; } .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379:active , .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379 .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0a5f0a08b1482f6ff44c483992f71379:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Canada's Copyright Law Essay This type of fraud would make prosecution extremely difficult since there would no longer be physical evidence, like on paper ballots, to prove such fraud (Phillips 4). There are many different issues in debate over the topic of Internet voting. It is the duty of every U.S. citizen .